Bell Aircraft - The Bell X-1 (Bell Model 44) is a rocket-propelled aircraft originally designated the XS-1 and National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics - USA. Army Air Forces is a US Air Force supersonic research project created by Bell Aircraft. Designed in 1944 and designed and built in 1945, it reached a top speed of nearly 1,000 mph (1,600 km/h; 870 kn) in 1948. A derivative of the same design, the Bell X-1A has a large fuel capacity. and a longer rocket burn time, exceeding 1,600 mph (2,600 km; 1,400 kn) in 1954.
X-1 #46-062, named Glamorous Glnis and flown by Chuck Yeager, was the first manned aircraft to exceed the speed of sound in horizontal flight and was the first of the X-planes, a series of American experimental rocket planes (and rockets unmanned aircraft) designed to test new technologies.
Bell Aircraft
In 1942, the British Air Ministry began a top-secret project with the Miles Aircraft Company to create the world's first aircraft capable of breaking the sound barrier. The project led to the development of the Miles M.52 turbojet prototype, designed to reach a speed of 1,000 mph (870 kn; 1,600 km/h) in level flight (more than twice the existing air speed record) and climb to an altitude of 36,000 . ft. (11 km) in 1 minute 30 seconds.
Bell P 59 Airacomet
By 1944, the M.52 design was 90% complete and Miles was told to continue building three prototypes. Later that year, the Air Department signed a high-speed research and data exchange agreement with the United States. Dennis Bancroft, Miles' chief aerodynamicist, stated that Bell Aircraft personnel visited Miles in 1944 and were given access to the M.52 drawings and studies.
Unbeknownst to Miles, Bell had already begun construction on his simple horizontal-tail supersonic rocket design. Bell struggled with the problem of volume control due to the "jamming" of the elevators.
A variable pitch tail turned out to be the most promising solution; Tests by Miles and the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE), which had already decided for the M.52, supported this.
The XS-1 was first discussed in December 1944. Initial specifications for the aircraft were for a manned supersonic vehicle capable of flying for two to five minutes at 800 mph (1,300 km/h) at 35,000 feet (11,000 m).
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On March 16, 1945, the US Air Force Flight Test Division and the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) awarded Bell Aircraft a contract to build three XS-1 aircraft ("Experimtal, Supersonic", later) . X-1) acquisition of flight data for conditions in the transonic speed range.
Aircraft designers considered alternative options and built a rocket plane. Turbojet engines could not achieve the required performance at high altitudes. A turbojet and rocket powered aircraft would be too large and complex.
The X-1 was essentially a "wing bullet" that closely resembled the .50-caliber (12.7 mm) Browning machine gun bullet, known to be stable in supersonic flight.
The figure was observed at the level of the pilot sitting in an enclosed cockpit in the bow behind a tilted, framed window without an ejection seat.
Air Tunnel Model Of Bell's Venus Attack Jet (1945)
Swept wings were not used because little was known about them. Because the design could lead to a fighter jet, the XS-1 was intended to fly from the ground, but by the end of the war, the B-29 Superfortress was available to take it into the air.
In 1947, after the rocket plane experienced stalling problems, it was modified with a variable pitch tail following a technology transfer with Great Britain.
After changing the horizontal tail of the X-1 to fully movable (or "all-flying"), test pilot Chuck Yeager confirmed this experimentally, and all subsequent supersonic aircraft would have movable tails or "tailless" " will have a delta wing. types.
After the rocket engine considered hydrogen peroxide monopropellant, aniline/nitric acid bipropellant, and nitromethane monopropellant as propellants, Reaction Motors Inc., one of the first companies to develop liquid propellant rocket engines in the United States. was a four-chamber design created by , rocket ignited ethyl alcohol diluted with water with liquid oxygen oxidizer. Its four cams can be turned on and off individually, so thrust can be varied in 1,500 lbf (6,700 N) steps. The fuel and oxygen tanks for the first two X-1 engines were pressurized with nitrogen, reducing the flight time by about 1+1/2 minutes and increasing the landing weight to 2,000 lb (910 kg), but with gas for the rest working turbo pumps are used. increasing chamber pressure and drag while making the gin lighter.
Bell X 1a Archives
Bell Aircraft chief test pilot Jack Woolhams was the first person to fly the XS-1. He glided over Pinecastle Army Airfield, Florida on January 19, 1946. Woolams made nine more glides over Pinecastle, the B-29 flew the plane to 29,000 feet (8,800 m), and the XS-1 landed 12 minutes later at about 110 minutes. miles per hour (180 km/h). In March 1946, Rocket Aircraft #1 was returned to Bell Aircraft in Buffalo, New York for modifications in preparation for engine flight tests. On December 9, 1946, four more glide tests were conducted at Muroc Army Air Field near Palmdale, California, which was flooded during the Florida tests. Before the first engine test, December 9, 1946. Two cameras turned on, but the plane accelerated so fast that one camera. At 35,000 ft (11,000 m) it shut down before re-ignition and reached Mach 0.795. After the cameras were turned off, the aircraft descended to 15,000 feet (4,600 m), where all four cameras were briefly tested.
After Woolhams died in August 1946 while training for the National Air Races, Chalmers "Slick" Goodlin was appointed Bell Aircraft's primary test pilot for the X-1. Goodlin made the first powered flight on December 9, 1946. Bell's chief test pilot and program manager, Tex Johnston, made a test flight on May 22, 1947, after complaints about the slowness of the flight tests. According to Johnston, "The contract with the Air Corps defines the Bell tests as validation of on-board systems, evaluation of handling, stability and control characteristics, and performance tests up to Mach 0.99." After its initial flight at Mach 0.72, he deemed the aircraft ready for supersonic flight after the installation of the longitudinal trim system and three more test flights.
The Air Force was unhappy with the cautious pace of range extension, and Bell Aircraft's flight test contract for the #46-062 was canceled. The test program was acquired by the Air Force Flight Test Division on June 24 after months of negotiations. Goodlin claimed a bonus of US$150,000 (equivalent to $1.82 million in 2021) for exceeding the speed of sound.
Flight tests of the X-1-2 (serial 46-063) were conducted by NACA to provide design information for later high-performance aircraft.
Aircraft Photo Of N1105v
Less than a month after the US Air Force was established as a separate service. Captain Charles "Chuck" Yeager flew USAF #46-062, named Glamorous Glnis for his wife. The aircraft was launched from a B-29 bomb bay and reached Mach 1.06 (700 mph (1,100 km/h; 610 kn)).
Three key contributors to the X-1 program won the National Aeronautics Association Collier Trophy in 1948. Larry Bell for the Bell Airplane, Captain Yeager for piloting the flights, and John Stack for his contributions to NACA were honored by President Truman at the White House.
The story of Yeager's October 14 flight was leaked to a reporter for Aviation Week, and the Los Angeles Times featured the story as the lead story in its December 22 issue. The magazine story was published on December 20. The Air Force threatened legal action against journalists who broke the story, but nothing happened.
The news of a supersonic aircraft surprised many American experts who, like their wartime German counterparts, believed that a winged design was necessary to break the sound barrier.
Lawrence Dale Bell
On June 10, 1948, Air Force Secretary Stuart Symington announced that two experimental aircraft had broken the sound barrier several times.
On January 5, 1949, Yeager used Aircraft 46-062 to make the X-1 program's only conventional (runway) takeoff, reaching 23,000 feet (7,000 m) in 90 seconds.
The research methods used in the X-1 program became the model for all subsequent X-craft projects. Project X-1 facilitated a postwar cooperative alliance between US military needs, industrial capabilities, and research facilities. The flight data collected by NACA from the X-1 tests proved invaluable to the subsequent design of American fighter aircraft in the second half of the 20th century.
In 1997, the United States Postal Service issued a fiftieth anniversary stamp recognizing Bell X1-6062 as the first aircraft to fly at a supersonic speed of approximately Mach 1.06 (1,299 km/h; 806.9 mph).
Bell X 1: Dropping The Orange Beast That Broke The Sound Barrier
Later variants of the X-1 were built to test various aspects of supersonic flight; one of them, the X-1A, with Yeager at the controls, inadvertently demonstrated a very dangerous feature of supersonic flight (Mach 2 plus): inertial coupling. Only Yeager's skill as a pilot prevented the crash; Mel Apt later lost his life testing the Bell X-2 under similar conditions.
Commissioned by the Air Force on April 2
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